Beau's Weather Blog

Let's Talk Weather...

August 3, 2007

  Portions of South Asia have been hit with one of the worst flooding events in recent memory.  More than fifty percent of Bangladesh is currently under water. At least 20 million people have been displaced by the flooding and hundreds have perished.  Flooding is expected to worsen in the coming days.

Zurich, Switzerland

  Here in Zurich, Switzerland the weather continues to be cooler than normal.  Scattered rain showers have fallen in the city over the last few days.  Squally weather as well from time to time.  The city and adjoining countryside are beautiful though and I could certainly see living in this region (at least part of the year).  I will be here in Zurich until Monday.

 

August 4, 2007

Snow in August?  Swiss Alps.

  Today was spent in the Swiss Alps.  Perfectly clear skies provided a beautiful setting for a helicopter ride to the top.  A number of mountain climbers could be seen exploring the different peaks around the White Horn and the Matter Horn.  I was able to fly the helicopter for about 15 minutes during our trip back to Zurich.  We landed on one of the mountain peaks and were greeted with beautiful-pristine snow!  We were close to 3000 meters above sea level when we landed. 


 Flying through the Swiss Alps.


 The White Horn


Beau Dodson in the snow...Switzerland - August 4, 2007
 My first August snow!

August 4, 2007 Switzerland - Beau Dodson in the snow

  The temperature at this location was 10 degrees Celsius.  Fairly warm for 3000 meters.  We even saw a butterfly.  It must have gotten itself caught up in a current.  Unfortunately if it landed in the snow then it probably did not survive.  They tend to freeze almost instantly in ice or snow.

August 5, 2007

  I am in Luzerne, Switzerland today.  The weather conditions are simply amazing.  One might think it was late summer or early fall.  Temperatures are near 80 degrees with a light breeze.  Overnight lows were in the upper 50s.  The region had snow two weeks ago all the way down to 2000 meters.  One could not ask for better weather though this week.  There were a lot of people out on Lake Luzerne boating and enjoying the day.

Luzern, Switzerland
  Lake Luzerne

August 7, 2007

  Strong to severe thunderstorms are possible today across this area.  Waterloo and most of Southern Ontario is under a slight risk for severe storms.  The Storm Prediction Center indicates that there could be isolated tornadoes.  Radar this morning at 7 a.m. is showing a large area of showers and thunderstorms extending from near Detroit westward into Nebraska.  A severe thunderstorm watch has been issued for part of Southern Ontario.

 
It is cloudy here in Waterloo at 7 a.m.  Clouds have been lowering and thickening over the past few hours. 

6 a.m. Radar
  Weathertap Radar - 7:15 a.m.

  Light to Moderate rain fell in Waterloo from 11 a.m. through 1 p.m.  There were several close lightning strikes here at the house.  Most of the severe weather, so far today, has stayed to our south.  Additional thunderstorms may develop later this afternoon and evening.

  Meanwhile, across the Ohio Valley, a killer heat wave continues to bring temperatures in the 90s and over 100 degrees.  Many areas are experiencing Heat Index Values between 100-110 degrees.  Dangerous temperatures for those who have to remain outdoors.

  Temperature Map, from Wright-Weather, at 2 p.m. Eastern Time - Click to enlarge -     Also the National Weather Service Warning Map is showing a huge area under Heat Advisories and Excessive Heat Warnings (red and pink areas).

August 7th Temperatures

  At 1 p.m. the temperature was 96 degrees at both Paducah, Kentucky and St Louis, Missouri.  Heat Index Values were over 100 degrees in both cities.  

August 8, 2007

Possible Tornado hits New York City/Brooklyn 

  A possible tornado this morning in the Queens Area of New York, City.  The NWS issued a tornado warning for the Bay Ridge Area around 6:15 this morning.  The storm then moved through the Queens area.  A tornado warning was extended for the area around Kennedy Airport.  There have been reports of roofs blown off of houses, trees down, windows blown out, and other significant damage in the Bay Ridge Neighborhood.  Residents report hearing a loud roar when the storm hit.  The NWS is investigating to determine whether straight line winds or a tornado is to blame for the damage.  Some photos of the damage can be viewed on this site.  Some additional high resolution radar images of this mornings storm.

NWS Radar - Bay Ridge Storm Bay Ridge Neighborhood, New York
   Radar Image by whiteoutwx1776 - EasternUSwx Location Map

NYC Severe Thunderstorm - August 8, 2007
  Couplet as indicated by GRAE Level 2 Data - posted
  by turtlehurricane
 
  Severe thunderstorms raked portions of the Missouri Valley, northern Plains, and the Northeast on Wednesday.   Dunn County, Nebraska reported winds of 72 mph in a thunderstorm.  Numerous other reports of high winds were received from Pennsylvania.  Including damage to four houses in Scranton, Pennsylvania.  Many trees were downed from the storms in numerous other towns and counties across portions of Pennsylvania, Northeast Ohio, and New Jersey.  The National Weather Service issued numerous severe thunderstorm warnings and a handful of tornado warnings.  No confirmed tornado reports were received.

August 7th Storm ReportsAugust 8th Heat Map
  Tuesday SPC Severe Weather Reports      Wednesday NWS Warning Map

  Extreme heat will continue today across much of the Central and Eastern half of the United States.  Temperatures will soar into the 90s and lower 100s.  The National Weather Service has issued heat warnings and advisories for more than 22 states.  At 4 p.m. it was 100 degrees in Paducah, KY and 102 degrees at the Louisville, Kentucky National Weather Service Office.  Heat Index readings are between 105-110 degrees. 

RECORD EVENT REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE PADUCAH KY
305 PM CDT WED AUG 8 2007

...RECORD DAILY MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE SET AT PADUCAH ASOS...

  WITH THE PERSISTENT HEAT WAVE OVER MUCH OF THE MID MISSISSIPPI AND
LOWER OHIO RIVER VALLEYS...AFTERNOON HIGH TEMPERATURES CONTINUE TO
BE 10 TO 15 DEGREES ABOVE NORMAL IN MANY COMMUNITIES.

  TODAY AT 255 PM..A TEMPERATURE OF 100 DEGREES WAS RECORDED ON THE
BARKLEY REGIONAL AIRPORT ASOS, IN PADUCAH KENTUCKY. THIS SETS A NEW
RECORD FOR THIS DATE. THE OLD RECORD WAS 99 DEGREES, WHICH WAS
RECORDED ON THIS DATE IN 1998.

  THE LAST OCCURRENCE OF 100 DEGREES AT PADUCAH KENTUCKY WAS ON SEP
5TH, 1999. THE HIGHEST TEMPERATURE RECORDED DURING THE MONTH OF
AUGUST IS 106 DEGREES, WHICH OCCURRED ON AUGUST 4TH, 1947. THE
ALL-TIME MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE RECORDED IS 108 DEGREES, RECORED ON
JULY 17TH, 1942.

  SMITTY

  82 degrees here in Waterloo, Ontario.  A nice breeze today.  Clouds have been thickening this afternoon.  No rain is in the forecast through tonight.  There will be a 40% chance of rain on Thursday.  I will be driving back to Western Kentucky tomorrow.


Brooklyn Storm Update...EF-2 Tornado 

  The NWS has determined that a tornado did touch down this morning in New York City.  They have rated the storm as an EF-2.

PUBLIC INFORMATION STATEMENT
SPOTTER REPORTS
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE UPTON NY
512 PM EDT WED AUG 8 2007

...NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE METEOROLOGISTS CONFIRM EF2 TORNADO
TOUCHDOWN IN BAY RIDGE AND VICINITY IN BROOKLYN...

  NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE METEOROLOGISTS INVESTIGATING STORM DAMAGE IN THE BAY RIDGE AREA WITH NEW YORK CITY EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT OFFICIALS HAVE CONFIRMED THAT TORNADIC DAMAGE HAS OCCURRED IN THE AREA.

  THE TORNADO PATH WAS DISCONTINUOUS AND STARTED IN BAY RIDGE SOMETIME JUST AFTER 6:30 AM TODAY ON BAY RIDGE AVENUE BETWEEN THIRD AND FOURTH AVENUES...AND CONTINUED ON AN EAST-NORTHEAST PATH ACROSS 68TH STREET BETWEEN THIRD AND FOURTH AVENUES. ELEVEN HOMES IN THIS SECTION HAD MODERATE TO SEVERE ROOF DAMAGE. THE STORM CONTINUED TO MOVE EAST-NORTHEAST INTO LEIF ERICSON PARK SQUARE...WHERE SEVERE DAMAGE TO TREES OCCURRED. AS THE TORNADO LIFTED...IT TORE OFF THE ROOF OF THE NISSAN CAR DEALERSHIP AT THE CORNER OF 66TH STREET AND FIFTH AVENUE. THE TORNADO RETURNED TO THE GROUND FARTHER NORTHEAST...WITH SCATTERED TREE DAMAGE ALONG 6TH AVENUE. BASED ON THE ASSESSED DAMAGE...THIS TORNADO IS CLASSIFIED AS AN EF-2 TORNADO WITH ESTIMATED WIND SPEEDS OF 111 TO 135 MPH.

  THE TORNADO RETURNED TO THE GROUND AS ANOTHER POCKET OF SIGNIFICANT DAMAGE OCCURRED ON 58th STREET BETWEEN FIFTH AND SIXTH AVENUES.  THE ROOF WAS RIPPED OFF OF 5 HOMES...AND TREE DAMAGE INDICATES STRONG EF-1 DAMAGE...WITH WINDS OF 86-100 MPH.

  THE NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE HAD ISSUED A TORNADO WARNING FOR THIS STORM AT 6:28 AM.
JC

 

Evening Update...Kansas and Missouri Severe Weather 

August 8, 2007 Severe Storms MO/KS 
  8:40 p.m. Central Time Kansas City Radar

  Severe thunderstorms are raking portions of Nebraska, Missouri, and Kansas this evening.  Wind gusts over 70 miles per hour have been reported at several locations.  Major damage has been reported in Atchison County, Missouri where straight line winds or a possible tornado struck earlier tonight. 

  PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
  NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE KANSAS CITY/PLEASANT HILL MO
  805 PM CDT WED AUG 08 2007

  0700 PM     TSTM WND DMG     SE FAIRFAX COUNTY
  08/08/2007                  
  ATCHISON MO  
  REPORTED BY EMERGENCY MNGR

  EMERGENCY MANAGER REPORTS MASSIVE BLOW DOWN ACROSS
  SOUTHERN ATCHISON COUNTY FROM FAIRFAX TO THE COUNTY LINE.
  WIDESPREAD TREES AND POWER POLES DOWN. ENTIRE CORN FIELDS
  MOWED DOWN BY STRAIGHT LINE WINDS.

  BOOKBINDER

August 9, 2007

Ohio Storm Chase 

  Thunderstorms that produced significant wind damage and tornadoes moved across portions of Ohio this morning and afternoon.  I was fortunate enough to be in the right spot at the right time to capture a tornado warned cell in Putnam and Allen Counties.  The NWS first issued a severe thunderstorm warning and quickly upgraded it to a tornado warning.  We saw the tower go up to our west and it quickly exploded into a severe thunderstorm.  We saw several funnel clouds and extremely heavy rain.  Winds gusted to approximately 40 miles per hour during the storm.  I took these photos off of Interstate 75 in extreme northern Allen County.

Radar of the August 9, 2007 Tornado 
  Click for radar image - we were near the
  tornado icon on the radar grab. Image grab
  from Jason Darnell.

August 9, 2007 Ohio Supercell
  Ohio tornadoes...August 9, 2007 - Gibson Ridge
  Radar image provided by Jason Darnall

Gibson Ridge Radar Loop - Large Image Animation 
Radar Animation - provided by Jason Darnall
Satellite Animation - You can see the storms explode in Northwest Ohio.  WeatherTap animation provided by Jason Darnall.

Ohio Mammatus Cloud
  Mammatus Clouds make for a stormy sky

Ohio Severe Thunderstorms
  A line of severe thunderstorms builds across Ohio

Ohio Severe Thunderstorm - August 9, 2007
  Funnel cloud dips down over Interstate 75 in Allen County, Ohio.




  Funnel Cloud


  Funnel Cloud


  Funnel Cloud


  Funnel Cloud over Interstate 75 in Allen County, Ohio

  BULLETIN - EAS ACTIVATION REQUESTED
  TORNADO WARNING
  NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE NORTHERN INDIANA
  221 PM EDT THU AUG 9 2007
  THE NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE IN NORTHERN INDIANA HAS ISSUED A
  * TORNADO WARNING FOR...
  EASTERN PUTNAM COUNTY IN WEST CENTRAL OHIO
  * UNTIL 300 PM EDT
  * AT 219 PM EDT...NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE DOPPLER RADAR INDICATED A SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WITH STRONG     
  ROTATION. THIS SEVERE STORM WAS LOCATED NEAR COLUMBUS GROVE...OR ABOUT 7 MILES SOUTH OF OTTAWA...
  AND MOVING EAST AT 10 MPH.
  * LOCATIONS IN THE PATH OF THE SEVERE STORM INCLUDE...
  GLANDORF...
  OTTAWA...
  PANDORA...
  GILBOA AND LEIPSIC...

 
We ended up being right near the wall cloud and funnel clouds.  The whole system lined out fairly quickly. The main funnel cloud showed some strong rotation but it only last about 5 minutes.  Here are some photos taken and posted by Anthony Scaglione on EasternUSwx.

 August 9, 2007 Storm Reports
  Severe Weather Reports

  The Storm Prediction Center issued a Severe Thunderstorm Watch for a large portion of Ohio.

 

  DISCUSSION...STORMS HAVE BEEN INTENSIFYING ALONG A LOW LEVEL BNDRY ACROSS NERN OH...AND THERE IS POTENTIAL FOR NEW STORMS TO DEVELOP WWD ACROSS PARTS OF WRN OH IN ADVANCE OF SEVERAL MCV FEATURES MOVING ACROSS SRN LOWER MI AND INDIANA.  RELATIVELY CLEAR SKIES HAVE ALLOWED TEMPERATURES TO WARM TO NEAR 90F...AND WITH DEW POINTS IN THE LOW 70S AIR MASS IS MODERATELY UNSTABLE WITH MLCAPE OF 1500-2500 J/KG.  WESTERLY MID LEVEL WINDS OF 30-40 KT ARE CONTRIBUTING TO SUFFICIENT DEEP LAYER SHEAR TO ENHANCE STORM ORGANIZATION.  WARM MID LEVEL TEMPERATURES/HIGH FREEZING LEVELS MAY TEMPER HAIL THREAT BUT STEEP LOW LEVEL LAPSE RATES WILL ENHANCE THREAT FOR DAMAGING WIND GUSTS.
...WEISS

  The Storm Prediction Center also issued this mesoscale discussion concerning the squall line.

  Also more intense heat covered the Ohio Valley.  Paducah, Kentucky set a new record high again this afternoon.  This was the second day in a row for a new record high temperature in Paducah.

  RECORD EVENT REPORT
  NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE PADUCAH KY
  430 PM CDT THU AUG 9 2007

...RECORD DAILY MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE TIED AT PADUCAH ASOS...

  WITH THE PERSISTENT HEAT WAVE OVER MUCH OF THE MID MISSISSIPPI AND
LOWER OHIO RIVER VALLEYS...FOR A SECOND CONSECUTIVE DAY...RECORD
SETTING AFTERNOON HIGH TEMPERATURES CONTINUE TO BE 10 TO 15 DEGREES
ABOVE NORMAL IN MANY COMMUNITIES.

  TODAY AT 411 PM..A TEMPERATURE OF 99 DEGREES WAS RECORDED AT THE
BARKLEY REGIONAL AIRPORT ASOS, IN PADUCAH KENTUCKY. THIS TIED THE
HIGH TEMPERATURE RECORD FOR THIS DATE. THE RECORD OF 99 DEGREES LAST
OCCURRED ON THIS DATE IN 1988.

  SMITTY

Why do we love weather? 

 It is difficult to explain to people why we love weather.  Many have tried.  Many chasers have made attempts.  Most fall short though.  Perhaps because you have to have been bitten by the weather bug in order to understand the obsession.  It is something that is in us.  Consumes us.  Makes us want more.  What is it about the anticipation of a blinding snowstorm that drives us to sit in front of our computer monitors for hours on end?  What is it about the boiling sky that causes are blood to rush through our bodies like the Euro-train through the grasslands of France?  Why does our heart skip a beat when the weatherman mentions the word tornado or hurricane?  Could it be our desire to tame the untamable?  Perhaps it is our childlike wonderment of white flakes falling from the sky?  Closing schools and businesses.  Turning adults into children! It could be the challenge of constantly trying to understand something that simply can't be understood.  The processes of nature.  That which is beyond our control.  Beyond our ability to rule over.  We are so used to being in control. Perhaps this is why we love weather.

  There is nothing more beautiful than the sun setting in the evening with a sky full of mammatus clouds boiling downward.  There are hundreds if not thousands of colors.  Rich shades of purple, deep orange, red, and yellow.  Constantly changing as the sun grows lower and lower on the horizon.  What is more beautiful than a million snowflakes clinging to a tree - illuminated only by the moons golden light?  It is almost as if someone took a hand full of powdered sugar and tossed it into the air...landing gracefully on each branch - each leaf.  Painting it white.  It almost appears to have purpose.  That there is some rhyme or rhythm to the design. A creation that could only be made by a master artist.

  Perhaps we love weather and the amazing power of weather because it is the one thing in life that is more powerful than man-kind.  To stand in front of a tornado...a hurricane...a bolt of lightning.  The raw power.  The incredible sensation that your body feels when you realize just how small we are.  How insignificant we truly are.  Standing in a farmers field...watching a wall cloud twisting above you.  It is that moment that we realize that there is more to life than just computers, televisions, money, and possessions.  It is in those few still moments that you stand alone in front of mother nature - just you and her.  Watching and waiting...wondering what she will do next.  It isn't the destruction.  It isn't the death tolls.  It isn't the pain and suffering that unfolds before us.  That, of course, is not why we love weather or what we are looking for.  Those consequences of nature are beyond our control.  Mother nature never asked us to build on her shores and beaches.  She never asked us to place our homes where the flood waters rage.  She simply does what she has always done...for millions of years.  If we happen to capture that on film...if we happen to witness that with our eyes then there is no shame in that.  The weather will do what the weather will do.  We do not control any part of it.

  I chase to capture the beauty of it all.  To capture something that will never be repeated again.  Every snowstorm is different, every hurricane is different, every supercell is different.  I rarely, although I do from time to time, photograph the consequences of weather {damage).  If I am being asked (Red Cross, EOC, NWS or other) to record an event then I will do it.  I don't like doing it though.  This is why most of my photographs are simply of nature rather than the consequences of nature.  Having had friends who lost loved ones in tornadoes I am extremely sensitive to this topic.  I do think it can be explained though, in a way that helps people understand what we love about weather.

Beau 

August 12, 2007

Killer Heat Wave Continues 

  Temperatures are forecast to be near 100 degrees today through Wednesday across this entire region.  This could be one of the most intense heat waves since 1988.  Severe drought conditions continue across much of our area and the Southeast United States.  No relief is in site.  There is a chance for some tropical activity next week.  This could be the only hope for substantial rainfall during the short term.   The system is too far off to determine the track.

Sunday Temperatures
  Sunday High Temperature Forecast

Monday High Temperatrue Forecast
  Monday High Temperature Forecast

Tuesday High Temperature Forecast
  Tuesday High Temperature Forecast

  Drought monitor maps show the drought spreading west and northward over the last few weeks.  Water shortages are being reported in many areas.  Low stream levels are causing problems along with crop failures. A large percentage of the nation is currently reporting below normal rainfall or drought conditions.

  At 3 p.m. it is 100 degrees here in Paducah, Kentucky.  Miserable heat.

August 12  - Previous 12 Hour Max TempsAugust 10, 2007 - Previous 12 Hour Max TempsAugust 11th - Previous 12 Hour Max Temps 
  Charts showing Max Temperatures - August 9, 10, 11, 12th.

Hurricane Flossie - August 12, 2007 

  Meanwhile Hurricane Flossie continues to churn southeast of the Hawaiian Islands.  Winds this afternoon were estimated to be 140 mph.  This makes Flossie a dangerous hurricane.  The system should remain south of the islands, however it is possible that tropical storm conditions could threaten the Hawaiian Islands. 

  Evening mesoscale thunderstorm complex is rolling across Iowa.  This complex brought damaging winds to the Omaha, Nebraska Region earlier this evening.  Satellite at 9 p.m. is showing an impressive complex.

August 12, 2007 - 9 p.m. Thunderstorm Complex - Iowa
  Click to view large image

August 13, 2007

Hurricane Flossie Continues To March Towards Hawaiian Islands.

Hurricane Flossie - August 13, 2007

August 13, 2007 Flossie

Hurricane Flossie Large Image 
  Click for x-large image of Flossie

  Hurricane Flossie, with winds of 135 mph, continues to move towards the Hawaiian islands.  The hurricane will likely impact the islands during the next couple of days.  Strong winds and high surf will accompany the storm.  Meanwhile, in the Atlantic Ocean, a new tropical depression has formed.  This system could develop over the next few days and strengthen into Tropical Storm Dean.  Any impact on the United States would be more than a week away.  At this time it appears that it might track more south than currently forecast.  The NHC has the movement fairly far north.  I believe it could go further south.  Will keep an eye on this developing storm.

August 13, 2007 - 5 p.m. track forecast

  Track Forecast for TD 4

Monday Evening

  Tropical storm warnings have been issued for Hawaii.  Hurricane watches have also been issued.  Tropical storm force winds could impact the island by midday tomorrow.  If the storm moves slightly northward then hurricane force winds will be possible across the southern portion of the state.

 
  Monday Evening IR Satellite Image of Flossie


  Visible Satellite Images

  Heat and humidity continued to plague much of the Central and Southern United States.  Temperatures once again climbed into the upper nineties and lower one-hundreds across the region. 


 
High Temperatures

August 14, 2007

Hurricane Flossie Hits Hawaii - Tropical Storm Dean Forms.

Hurricane Flossie - August 14, 2007
  Hurricane Flossie

  Hurricane Flossie will impact Hawaii through tonight.  The main impact of this hurricane will be gusty winds - near tropical storm force and moderate to heavy rainfall.  Most areas will not receive damaging winds.  Tropical storm warnings were issued for portions of Hawaii.  Meanwhile, in the Atlantic Basin, Tropical Storm Dean has formed.  This storm continue to move eastward and should strengthen over the next few days.  Dean will likely be a hurricane by the time it arrives in the Caribbean.  This system still appears to be moving more south than north.  Adjustments to current forecasts will likely be necessary as this movement continues.  Flossie does not pose a risk to the United States at this time.  We are still 8-10 days away from having to be concerned about a U.S. landfall. 

Tropical Storm Dean - August 14, 2007Hurricane Flossie - August 14, 2007Hurricane Flossie
  Tropical Storm Dean - Morning          Hurricane Flossie                             Hurricane Flossie

  Thunderstorms pounded portions of Minnesota and Wisconsin overnight.  The most intense storms caused structural damage in Emerald, Wisconsin.  Emerald is located in St. Croix County.  The NWS had a severe thunderstorm warning in effect at the time of the wind damage.  Other areas across Minnesota and Wisconsin reported large hail, damaging winds, and flash flooding.

Severe Storms August 13, 2007 August 13, 2007 Storms
  This Gibson Ridge AE image grab shows the storm that produced the widespread wind damage.  The NWS will be conducting a storm survey to determine what caused the damage.  Downburst, straight line winds, or a possible tornado.  Click on image for a larger view.

Storm Damage Reports 
  Twin Cities, MN, NWS Storm Damage Reports

Tuesday Evening - Tropical Depression 5 Develops in the Gulf of Mexico

  If all of that wasn't enough for one day we now have tropical depression number 5.  The system has formed in the Gulf of Mexico and should move towards Southern Texas and Northern Mexico during the next three days.   Intensity models indicate the depression could intensity into a tropical storm.  If the depression does strengthen then the name will be Erin.  Heavy rainfall and tornadoes will be a good possibility along the track of this tropical system.

Tropical Depression Number 5.  August 14, 2007 
  Tropical Depression 5

 

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All Photos are copyrighted by Beau Dodson and are used on this site with his permission.  Any use other than authorized is against the law.  If you wish to contact me regarding the use of these photos then please e-mail me.  Satellite and radar data are provided courtesy of the National Weather Service and NOAA.